Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: mTBI protein biomarkers used in this work and their clinically relevant concentration ranges.

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Binding Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of a strategy proposed for the detection of blood proteins for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) diagnostics: ( a ) Illustration of the human body suffering from an mTBI injury and collection of blood sample potentially containing mTBI-relevant protein biomarkers. ( b ) Development of ECL-based sandwich immunoassay for each individual mTBI-relevant biomarker (“ singleplex ”) on a benchtop MesoScale Discovery (MSD) platform in 96-well plate format: ( c ) Translation of developed ECL detection strategy for each individual mTBI-relevant biomarker (“ singleplex ”) from benchtop MSD platform into a miniaturized “apropos Point-Of-Care (POC)” ECL platform based on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and µSTAT-ECL reader from DropSens Metrohm. ( d ) Proof-of-concept for a multiplex ECL detection of three different mTBI-relevant biomarkers (i.e., GFAP, h-FABP and S100β) on a single SPCE using a spatially resolved approach and a charge-couple device (CCD) camera as ECL detector. ( e ) Illustration of the envisioned POC diagnostic instrument in the context of medical emergencies allowing rapid treatment of patients following the accident. Steps ( b – d ) are achieved in the context of the present publication, while the step ( e ) represents the “ultimate” goal of the proposed methodology being the integration of the developed assays into the POC prototype for decentralized mTBI diagnostics (undeveloped areas, emergency rooms, battlefield, sports facilities, car accident sites, etc.).

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Multiplex Assay, Diagnostic Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: Preliminary conditions evaluated on MSD platform for each individual mTBI biomarker ECL sandwich immunoassay ( singleplex ).

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Blocking Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: ECL sandwich immunoassays for mTBI-relevant biomarkers on the MSD platform in a 96-well plate format: ( a ) GFAP, ( b ) h-FABP, and ( c ) S100β. Left figures—Optimization of antibody concentrations in the sandwich assay: checkerboard optimization assay for the antibody pairs with the x -axis representing the capture antibody concentrations and the y -axis the detection antibody concentrations. The results are visualized as a heat map plot with reported signal intensities or S/B ratios (100 ng mL −1 /blank). Right figures—ECL calibration curves established using the conditions listed in . The error bars represent the standard deviation from three replicates; bars are smaller than the data symbol employed. CO—cutoff value for the biomarker.

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Standard Deviation, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Linear sweep voltammogram of SPCE for h-FABP biomarker assay (scan rate 200 mV/s) (black curve) and generated ECL signal (red curve). ( b ) ECL intensity curves from h-FABP biomarker assay on SPCE generated by chronoamperometry at different potentials: 1.4; 1.5; 1.55 and 1.6 V. Acquisition time 10 s. h-FABP assay conditions in below (antigen concentration 100 ng mL −1 ).

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Generated, Concentration Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: Preliminary conditions evaluated on SPCE using µSTAT-ECL platform for each individual mTBI biomarker ECL sandwich immunoassay ( singleplex ).

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Blocking Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: ECL immunoassays for mTBI-relevant biomarkers on SPCE µSTAT-ECL platform: ( a ) GFAP, ( b ) h-FABP, and, ( c ) S100β. Left figures–Optimization of antibody concentrations in the assay: checkerboard optimization assay for the antibody pairs with the x -axis containing the capture antibody concentrations and the y -axis the detection antibody concentrations (capture/detection antibody ratio 10/1). The results are presented as a heat map plot with reported S/B ratios (100 ng mL −1 /blank). Right figures—ECL calibration curve established using the conditions listed in . The error bars represent the standard deviation from three replicates (n = 3); bars are smaller than the data symbol employed.

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Standard Deviation

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: Results of the recovery test for mTBI biomarkers in human serum (HS, n = 2) samples diluted 2× with respective assay diluent (details of the assay conditions are listed in Table 2 ).

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Concentration Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: Multiplex ECL detection of mTBI biomarker panel established on a single SPCE. Top panel figures indicate the electrode patterns that contain alignment spots (“control”) made with BSA protein labelled with SULFO-TAG (white spots); spots for GFAP biomarker (blue spots with letter “G” indicate the position of GFAP capture antibodies); spots for h-FABP biomarker (yellow spots with letter “H” indicate the position of h-FABP capture antibodies); and spots for S100β biomarker (red spots with letter “S” indicate the position of S100β capture antibodies). Dashed letter spots indicate that no antigen was added (blank), while full-colored letter spots indicate that respective antigen was added in the assay. Middle panel figures respectively show real ECL images obtained from the electrode pattern indicated on top panel images, and bottom panel figures show the concept of the signal read-out displayed for the future envisioned mTBI POC diagnostic device: ( a ) biomarkers not detected in the sample (only three “control” spots are visible); ( b ) h-FABP biomarker detected; ( c ) GFAP biomarker detected; ( d ) S100β biomarker detected; ( e ) all three biomarkers detected.

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Multiplex Assay, Biomarker Discovery, Control, Diagnostic Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: mTBI protein biomarkers used in this work and their clinically relevant concentration ranges.

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Binding Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of a strategy proposed for the detection of blood proteins for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) diagnostics: ( a ) Illustration of the human body suffering from an mTBI injury and collection of blood sample potentially containing mTBI-relevant protein biomarkers. ( b ) Development of ECL-based sandwich immunoassay for each individual mTBI-relevant biomarker (“ singleplex ”) on a benchtop MesoScale Discovery (MSD) platform in 96-well plate format: ( c ) Translation of developed ECL detection strategy for each individual mTBI-relevant biomarker (“ singleplex ”) from benchtop MSD platform into a miniaturized “apropos Point-Of-Care (POC)” ECL platform based on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and µSTAT-ECL reader from DropSens Metrohm. ( d ) Proof-of-concept for a multiplex ECL detection of three different mTBI-relevant biomarkers (i.e., GFAP, h-FABP and S100β) on a single SPCE using a spatially resolved approach and a charge-couple device (CCD) camera as ECL detector. ( e ) Illustration of the envisioned POC diagnostic instrument in the context of medical emergencies allowing rapid treatment of patients following the accident. Steps ( b – d ) are achieved in the context of the present publication, while the step ( e ) represents the “ultimate” goal of the proposed methodology being the integration of the developed assays into the POC prototype for decentralized mTBI diagnostics (undeveloped areas, emergency rooms, battlefield, sports facilities, car accident sites, etc.).

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Multiplex Assay, Diagnostic Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: Preliminary conditions evaluated on MSD platform for each individual mTBI biomarker ECL sandwich immunoassay ( singleplex ).

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Blocking Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: ECL sandwich immunoassays for mTBI-relevant biomarkers on the MSD platform in a 96-well plate format: ( a ) GFAP, ( b ) h-FABP, and ( c ) S100β. Left figures—Optimization of antibody concentrations in the sandwich assay: checkerboard optimization assay for the antibody pairs with the x -axis representing the capture antibody concentrations and the y -axis the detection antibody concentrations. The results are visualized as a heat map plot with reported signal intensities or S/B ratios (100 ng mL −1 /blank). Right figures—ECL calibration curves established using the conditions listed in . The error bars represent the standard deviation from three replicates; bars are smaller than the data symbol employed. CO—cutoff value for the biomarker.

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Standard Deviation, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: Preliminary conditions evaluated on SPCE using µSTAT-ECL platform for each individual mTBI biomarker ECL sandwich immunoassay ( singleplex ).

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Blocking Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: ECL immunoassays for mTBI-relevant biomarkers on SPCE µSTAT-ECL platform: ( a ) GFAP, ( b ) h-FABP, and, ( c ) S100β. Left figures–Optimization of antibody concentrations in the assay: checkerboard optimization assay for the antibody pairs with the x -axis containing the capture antibody concentrations and the y -axis the detection antibody concentrations (capture/detection antibody ratio 10/1). The results are presented as a heat map plot with reported S/B ratios (100 ng mL −1 /blank). Right figures—ECL calibration curve established using the conditions listed in . The error bars represent the standard deviation from three replicates (n = 3); bars are smaller than the data symbol employed.

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Standard Deviation

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: Results of the recovery test for mTBI biomarkers in human serum (HS, n = 2) samples diluted 2× with respective assay diluent (details of the assay conditions are listed in Table 2 ).

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Concentration Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers

doi: 10.3390/bios12030172

Figure Lengend Snippet: Multiplex ECL detection of mTBI biomarker panel established on a single SPCE. Top panel figures indicate the electrode patterns that contain alignment spots (“control”) made with BSA protein labelled with SULFO-TAG (white spots); spots for GFAP biomarker (blue spots with letter “G” indicate the position of GFAP capture antibodies); spots for h-FABP biomarker (yellow spots with letter “H” indicate the position of h-FABP capture antibodies); and spots for S100β biomarker (red spots with letter “S” indicate the position of S100β capture antibodies). Dashed letter spots indicate that no antigen was added (blank), while full-colored letter spots indicate that respective antigen was added in the assay. Middle panel figures respectively show real ECL images obtained from the electrode pattern indicated on top panel images, and bottom panel figures show the concept of the signal read-out displayed for the future envisioned mTBI POC diagnostic device: ( a ) biomarkers not detected in the sample (only three “control” spots are visible); ( b ) h-FABP biomarker detected; ( c ) GFAP biomarker detected; ( d ) S100β biomarker detected; ( e ) all three biomarkers detected.

Article Snippet: GFAP assay: Antigen GFAP human recombinant (ref. 8G45, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref. 4G25, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 83cc and clone 81cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively. h-FABP assay: Antigen FABP human (ref. 8F65, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland); monoclonal mouse anti-human fatty acid-binding protein (ref. 4F29, HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) clone 22 and clone 28cc were employed as capture and detection antibody, respectively.

Techniques: Multiplex Assay, Biomarker Discovery, Control, Diagnostic Assay